Scientific discoveries are shaped not only by pivotal individuals but also by enabling factors such as lenses, telescopes, data, and the questions those tools prompt.

“focus on just specific individuals of like you know Einstein had this genius insight and like you know he was the kind of very pivotal thing in the in the causal chain that resulted in these discoveries or Newton was just extremely important for discovering calculus without”

“Thinking about, well, there was this kind of all these other factors that produce lenses,”

“that produce telescopes that got the right data and that made people ask questions about dynamics and so on that motivated some of these questions. And those are also extremely important for science,”

“scientific and technological innovation.”